Asia’s two big aviation markets are moving in opposite directions on greener jet fuel. India has drafted a national sustainable aviation fuel policy that would require airlines to blend 5 percent green fuel into international flights by 2030 — and to buy 90 percent of their fuel at home. In the same week, Malaysia postponed its own 1 percent blending mandate for flights from Kuala Lumpur International Airport from January 2027 to 2030, saying the industry needs more time to prepare.
The contrast, reported within days of each other, shows how uneven the road to low-carbon flying remains — even as the mandatory phase of the global CORSIA carbon-offsetting scheme for international aviation begins on 1 January 2027.
What India is proposing
India’s draft National Sustainable Aviation Fuel policy, reviewed by The Hindu BusinessLine and reported on 4 November, would require airlines to buy at least 90 percent of their annual fuel needs for international flights departing India at domestic airports. The rule is designed to stop “economic tankering” — carrying extra fuel bought abroad to avoid refuelling in India — and to give fuel producers the demand certainty they need to invest.
The obligation would apply to Indian and foreign airlines operating scheduled international services, and would cover trip and taxi fuel, excluding contingency, alternate and additional fuel. Domestic operations, humanitarian, medical and emergency flights would be exempt, and reduced requirements could apply to some non-scheduled services. Airlines would submit independently verified annual reports on actual fuel uplift to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, and unjustified shortfalls could attract penalties.
The blending ladder
Separately, the draft sets mandatory blending shares for international aviation covered by CORSIA: 1 percent in 2027, 2 percent in 2028, 3 percent in 2029 and 5 percent in 2030. Later targets — 10 percent in 2035 and 20 percent in 2040 — are indicative and would be decided later.
Only domestically manufactured sustainable aviation fuel would count towards the obligations, and the framework provides for a national registry under the civil aviation regulator to track transactions and verify emissions-reduction claims. A purchase-based claims mechanism would allow the environmental benefits of the fuel to be traded separately from the physical fuel, subject to documentation and verification.
Support for producers
The draft also confirms financial and fiscal support for building a domestic green-fuel industry, including viability gap funding for early production plants, concessional finance, feedstock assistance and long-term offtake agreements, alongside possible GST relief, import duty waivers, income-tax holidays and accelerated depreciation. The overall outlay would be decided by the petroleum ministry together with the civil aviation ministry.
The draft has not yet been published for public comment and its contents could still change before release, according to reporting on the document.
Malaysia steps back
Malaysia, by contrast, has pushed its 1 percent blending mandate back by three years. The Plantation and Commodities Ministry said the decision, taken after discussions with the Transport Ministry, would give industry players more time to prepare and the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia more time to develop the regulatory framework. Plantation and Commodities Minister Datuk Seri Noraini Ahmad told parliament the government was reviewing implementation in light of geopolitical developments affecting the global energy market and the financial pressures facing airlines.
The delay is striking because Malaysia already produces the fuel. The EcoCeres plant in Johor began commercial production in October 2025, with a licensed capacity of 420,000 tonnes a year, and a PETRONAS biorefinery in Pengerang is expected to start operations in the second half of 2028 with an annual capacity of 650,000 tonnes. The government says it remains committed to developing the industry, and its National Energy Transition Roadmap targets a 47 percent blending share by 2050.
A region moving at different speeds
The split is not unique to India and Malaysia. Singapore has already mandated 1 percent blending for departing flights, rising to between 3 and 5 percent by 2030. Japan has set a 10 percent target for 2030, while South Korea aims for 1 percent by 2027. And on 3 November, Abu Dhabi’s Department of Energy signed a strategic collaboration with Evolve Fuels to explore investment in synthetic sustainable aviation fuel, known as e-SAF, in the emirate — an exploratory step, not yet a confirmed plant.
For travellers, the practical effect is gradual: green fuel remains far more expensive than conventional jet fuel — often several times the price — and blending mandates are the main tool governments have to create demand. As Watan News reported, Singapore Airlines has signed up to buy up to 4,800 tonnes of next-generation fuel made from waste gases, showing that airlines are securing supply even while policies diverge.
Key facts
- India’s draft policy: Airlines to uplift at least 90 percent of fuel for international flights departing India at domestic airports; blending of 1 percent in 2027, rising to 5 percent by 2030; only Indian-made fuel counts.
- Malaysia’s delay: The 1 percent mandate for international flights from Kuala Lumpur International Airport moves from January 2027 to 2030.
- Support: India proposes viability gap funding, green financing, long-term offtake deals and possible tax relief for producers.
- Production: Malaysia’s EcoCeres plant in Johor began commercial output in October 2025 (420,000 tonnes a year licensed); a PETRONAS biorefinery follows in 2028.
- Global context: The mandatory phase of CORSIA begins on 1 January 2027; Singapore already mandates 1 percent, rising to 3–5 percent by 2030.
